Mughal Era (Late 16th century, estimated c. 1590)
Zard Birinj — Mughal Saffron Sweet Rice
A sweet saffron rice dish with ingredient proportions recorded in the late 16th-century Mughal imperial record 'Ā'īn-i Akbarī'. This untested modern home recreation reconstructs the courtly meatless preparation (sūfiyāna) made with saffron, clarified butter (ghee), dry fruits, and delicate spices.